kamikaze language techniques kamikaze language techniques

Track progress, measure results and access thousands of online tutorial worksheets in Maths, English and Science with an EdPlace subscription. The artifact itself is fascinating just on its anachronistic visual qualities alone (p. 218), but as Bernhardt rightly notes, condemning its sexism is largely pointless, as a rhetoric of visual attractiveness will continue to exploit gender (p. 221). Continuing to reinforce the desired state, the manual emphasizes seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength): (6) In order to complete the assigned tasks, Togo troop [members] have to possess not only seeshin-teki yooso (mental or emotional strength) but also eyes that can determine opportunities and skills in order to achieve goals. And the living embodiment of all wonderful things from our past is the Imperial Family, which is also the crystallization of the splendor and beauty of Japan and its people. To further support the desired state, Manual 1 consistently strives to normalize its intended task of suicide attacks: (26) Although it varies depending on the condition, particularly the airplane types, weather conditions, etc., charging is [done] by a steep descent or extremely low-altitude flight. The opening stanza begins with a mention of the samurai sword carried by the pilot, a clear indicator of the culture from which the pilot comes. . This pilot however turns back and is forever shunned afterwards. Key stage: KS 4 Year: GCSE GCSE Subjects: English Literature GCSE Boards: AQA These quotations are for reference only. Jillian Hill is an associate professor of English at the University of Houston-Downtown, where she teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in technical communication. The collection includes a number of poems that look at the cultural divide between the west and the east. And though he Soldiers disobeying an order could be executed summarily, and their entire families could suffer consequences as well; this discipline was just as harsh in the Togo squadrons, where officers sometimes capriciously sent pilots they disliked out on missions while delaying others from more prominent families (Ohnuki-Tierney, 2006, p. 11). In this way, the manual emphasizes that the pilot is not alone when he makes his final approach; it is a team effort. It is inevitable that [we] predict various types of confusion and mistakes. It is one thing to be asked, as part of ones duty, to kill yourself via direct personal order; it is another to be ordered to do so through, or with assistance from, the medium of a manual (Manual 2) or to order others to kill themselves with the aid of a manual (Manual 1). A valuable critical overview of WWIIpoets by the Poetry Foundation. These manuals are excellent examples of how powerful the genre of procedure can be to normalize and rationalize even the most extreme tasks. In particular, Manual 2s author has correctly surmised that the Togo pilots would be very curious as to what would happen at the moment of their deaths and has accordingly surrounded this moment with images of comfort, detachment, and otherworldly surrealism. Henning, T., & Bemer, A. Baer, G. W. (1996). In the West and in certain Japanese contexts, these pilots are typically called kamikaze, loosely translated as divine wind.. Copies of this directive were even distributed to the Japanese civilian population by 1945. fathers boat safe. Any other use is strictly forbidden. Kamikaze diaries: Reflections of Japanese student soldiers. There are two sections where the narrator (the pilots daughter) interjects and the poem becomes a first person narrative. Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's Privacy Policy ). As such, Manual 2 seems aware of the need to bridge across an interim state of confidence. Thats 5 for as many resources as you can download with no limit! The poem is structured as a series of eight stanzas of five lines. Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism. Its small size suggests that it could be carried folded or unfolded in a pocket to refresh ones memory or to quote from it. A. Campbell, and D, Henry (Eds. . The design of sexism: The case of an army maintenance manual. It also appears that this manual could be used in multiple Togo units as its orders are not from any specific source and are applicable to several tactical situations. However, we can make several important observations, given that the translated excerpts provided by Axell and Kase are indeed representative of the manual as a whole, and we also have Manual 1 for comparison. Instant PDF downloads. She became an NHS clinician and worked as a researcher and teacher in the field of psychological medicine. The discipline in the Japanese military of the time, and in previous decades, even going back to the cultural precedents of the Edo period, was notoriously brutal. While this is a high-level (for officers) manual, there are some vivid instructions for pilots such as this one. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 20(2), 177199. Mohrmann. He is shunned, even by his own wife, from that moment on. Dragga, S., & Gong, G. (2014). The math is necessary, but the chasm between the images and the humans obliterated in an instant is wide. adjective. We feel it is important to subject wartime documents to rhetorical analysis so that their rhetorical maneuvers are left transparent to history, and especially for the benefit of those who may write such military discourse in the future. Technical Communication, 61(2), 7694. With planes full of explosives and just enough fuel to make it to their target, kamikaze pilots had to fly directly at American warships to inflict maximum damagekilling themselves in the process. Pilots would not see this manual in normal conditions, though it is quite possible some of it was used verbatim as teaching material. Subscribe to Beyondfrom as little as 5 per month, giving you access to a range of resources. However, from everything about the Togo pilots that we have read and discerned, there does not seem to have been a practically significant morale problem among the pilots in that none are recorded to have backed out. Garland was born in 1938 in Oxford. Attack Assignments renders, again, the planes and the ships as the same size, and draws a mere connecting line between plane and ship to represent the desired approach. Differentiated prompts to annotate the language, form and structure. Even the pictures threaten the poetic persona of the poem. With planes full of explosives and just enough fuel to make it to their target, kamikaze pilots had to fly directly at American warships to inflict maximum damagekilling themselves in the process. This blog explores the poem Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland, covering: Kamikaze is an early 21st century poem by the English poet, Beatrice Garland. docx, 13.1 KB. As to why the author includes these psychological qualities, like the earlier ikan-naku (completely, without remorse), if one has to mention it, it may not be present. They are not aiding, helping, assisting, or striking a blowthey are a necessary vanguard for any eventual victory or peace without surrender. His email address is duncanm@uhd.edu. Indeed, much like religious discourse, the primary rhetorical appeal for both manuals is an appeal to authority, as we might expect from any military manual. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. The pilots daughter reflects on whether this shunning was like a death in itself: he must have wondered which had been the better way to die. Her father was a ghost of a man from the time he chose to return home. With Japans bushido code of no surrender for its soldiers (and civilians), coupled with American determination to end the war, an American invasion of Japan likely would have meant millions of deaths, given the determination by which the Japanese had defended small volcanic islands like Iwo Jima in February and March of 1945. Technical Communication, 54(3), 343358. What seems to be an escape from duty becomes, again, the single path, which, according to the next directive, must be followed right up to the instant of death: (32) As for immediately before the crash, as pressing the elevator(s) (down) completely by increasing the speed, it is important not to lose the sight of the target by closing the eyes for a split second. Because Manual 1 is written in an older dialect of Japanese, it was necessary to first translate the text from older Japanese to modern Japanese, and then to English. , or kami, refers to gods, the mind, and the soul. The technical instructions are helpful, though, like Manual 1, they are a bit vague, trying to hit a middle or moderate approach to figuring out the dive. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. Unlike Manual 1, the excerpts border on the poetic: . World War II Poetry Steady American successes, starting with the Battle of Midway in 1942, drained morale to the point that the kamikaze attack emerged as a reasonable alternative to conventional aerial warfare of the time, where the two main kinds of naval conventional bombers, dive bombers and torpedo planes, were used to attack ships. We were only able to complete this project by virtue of his generosity, kindness, and dedication to a peaceful future only possible with the knowledge of the past. The expected result by crashing into the enemys ship is quite distant from killing yourself and as many American sailors as possible by flying your plane into a deliberate suicide attack. There is never any question about whether or not the attacks are unusual; they are presented as ordinary wartime maneuvers. : Aircraft, technology, and tactics in World War II. Correll, J. T. (2015). IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 35(4), 217221. It is one of the poems in the AQA Anthology. Fourth, Manual 1 serves as an excellent example of authoritarian professional discourse that was apparently effective to some degree, in the sense there are no documented instances of Togo pilots defying their orders. Historynet. These two Togo manuals inhabit that same efficiency ethic, but while gassing innocent civilians to death is obviously wrong (though not to the author of that memo! Sato, H. (2007, Oct. 29). And, finally, there is burning determination: (37) At the time of the attack, it is generally the case that the conditions the Togo troop would encounter are extremely difficult and harsh. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. Symbolism Emotive language The Emotive Language Effect 91121). Technical Communication, 50, 6182. The standard introduction to technical/professional writing class at the undergraduate level usually leans on a catch-all, genre-based textbook that has a single chapter on instructions, if that, with relatively pedestrian examples. However, we found Farkass (1999) terminology particularly useful for our analysis: specifically, the four system states; desired, prerequisite, interim, and unwanted; allowed us to describe the subgoals of the authors of the manuals, and step-rich is a good description of both manuals as a whole in that they are more loosely constructed than the streamlined-step approach (p. 44). Slogan 15. Select any word below to get its definition in the context of the poem. Given the approach speeds of the planes being over a hundred knots, it is good advice for increasing the chance of hitting the target. It offers an exhortation to willpower and action while simultaneously not offering much detail, chiefly as one cannot practice a Togo mission like other airplane maneuvers. Even if the officer disregards the manual entirely, its directives remain. Worksheet. . The poems use strong imagery to describe howfamilies are destroyed by the end of the poem and will never be the same again. 2368268). This varies depending on the type of aircraft. More specifically, there are too many points listed for easy memory retrieval, and they are general in nature and not elaborated well. Loorbach, N., Karreman, J., & Steehouder, M. (2013). However, at least according to paragraph 36, only one plane was to attack each target, so it is possible that a given Togo pilot would not be able to glance at an allys plane for reassurance before the final approach. For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology. The Japanese navy and army were issued a pocket-sized Instructions for the Battlefield, or Senjinkun, published in January 1941, which portrayed surrender or capture as strictly forbidden and dishonorable (Correll, 2015). Suicide attacks were made by pilots of other nations, such as the Germans (Feifer, 2012), but they were not organized. He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. Object-centeredHow engineering writing embodies objects: A study of four engineering documents. Michigan State University Press. The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Unlike Manual 1, directed to a commander, Manual 2 is intended for the actual pilots. ), Teaching and training for global engineering: Perspectives on culture and professional communication practices (pp. The title refers to Japanese pilots during World War II tasked with flying a suicide mission. Journal of Business Communication, 47(2), 141168. The entire country, in effect, was operating under this code by that timea code punishable by execution and implied consequences for the family of the disobeyer. mother father grandmother brother and children all are mentioned in the poem. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. The concept of "god" was originally represented only by the right part, . It is unclear who launched the first kamikaze attack, but they seem to originate spontaneously in mid-late 1944. journey into history, but half way Shame and Honor This suggests, then, the possible presence of an unwanted state. Technical Communication, 54(1), 7487. . Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. 3 for it seems I never saw it in that November. It is an honor to be able to give my life in defense of these beautiful and lofty things (Feifer, 2012, p. 157). His children, too, gradually learn that he is not to be spoken to and begin to isolate and reject him. The ancient and medieval military manuals that Bliese (1994) reviews, for example, are exclusively for high-level commanders in elite social classes and offer strategies for using ground troops in conventional conflicts. Naval Institute Press. Through our rhetorical analysis of these documents and their unique context, we show that they, through procedure, reinforce the decision to become living missiles as a rational choice. The typical Togo pilot was young, well educated, inexperienced at piloting, and outwardly motivated. It could be a way for the writer to emphasize the difficulty of what he is asking of the pilots and their commander, but, given the language in the rest of the manual, this would be an exception to the typical authoritative distance, which is chiefly created by tone. It is like a long shot in a movie suddenly turning into a close-up and the scene expands in your face. docx, 46.37 KB. Not being able to reach this prerequisite state must have been both relieving and simultaneously frustrating for the pilots. In this worksheet, students will identify the language techniques used in both 'Kamikaze' and 'Poppies' and explain their effect on the reader. AQA Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. Study Kamikaze using smart web & mobile flashcards created by top students, teachers, and professors. If there is a rhetorical situation where dehumanizing rhetoric is acceptable, ethically, then these texts, we suggest, are an intriguing place to start looking for it. Loose comparisons could be made between the Togo pilots and the September 11, 2001 hijackers, who apparently had a highly religious Last Night document with detailed instructions (New York Times). This signals the continuation of the samurai tradition through the actions of the kamikaze pilots. Manual 1 is clearly a procedural document, given it is prefaced with an overview, includes step-rich sequential directives, integrates multiple headings throughout, and features multiple images. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2001). The pilots were expected to fly their plane directly into warships, causing maximum damage. We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. Farkas, D. K. (1999). Descent into Hell: The Battle of Okinawa. Few extant studies on military technical communication seem to fit our task. The desired state is the destruction of the target vessel; the prerequisite state is locating the target; the interim states are getting into position to attack; unwanted states include making a bad approach that misses the target (Farkas, 1999; van der Meij & Gellevvij, 2004) or questioning the mission. Dragga, S., & Voss, D. (2003). The path to attempted suicide for the pilots in the procedure is singular and inevitable. These three modes of communication; the mental/spiritual, the technical, and the vivid; blend together here to create compelling content. The only discretion allowed Togo pilots is being able to return when they are unable to locate the target or targets: (23) If it is inevitable that the [Togo troop] returns due to conditions, especially the interference of the weather, being unable to find the target, etc., Togo in-air workers, without being disappointed, need to be prepared for the next attack with even a stronger ishi (will) . You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/29/us/a-nation-challenged-notes-found-after-the-hijackings.html. thought the poem there are repeated referances to family. Visual-rhetoric ethics: Beyond accuracy and injury. We build confidence and attainment by personalising each childs learning at a level that suits them. Gellevij, M., & van der Meij, H. (2002). . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Beatrice Garland, 'Kamikaze' - Context, 'Kamikaze' - Language techniques and more. Dive Bomber! Naoko Ozaki teaches Japanese at Rice University in Houston, Texas. Adding motivational elements to an instruction manual for seniors: Effects on usability and motivation. There are four images within Manual 1, which we will refer to as Dive, Formations, Attack Assignments, and Dive II, labeled as images 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Loorbach, N., Steehouder, M., & Taal, E. (2006). In this poem, the poet uses the themes of the brutality of war, destruction, death, terror, impassivity, and ignorance. Manua1 1 is 22 pages long on 5-inch x 3.5-inch paper. Tes paid licence How can I reuse this? Technical Communication, 46(1), 4254. The pilots actions were meant to be bold and affirmative and bring honour and glory to the nation. 2. an airplane used for this purpose. Simple sentences 11. Still, the references to mental strength or will are a failsafe, in that the Togo high-level commander needed to monitor the pilots for potential lapses in willpower. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. These quotations are for reference only. De Velasco, J. If it were completely focused on officers, the manual would have concentrated more on matters of discipline; as is, the document is a blend between action and motivation. Death is the only available path; there is no other desired state. Not only is he shunned by his neighbors, but his wife refuses to speak to him or look him in the eye. It is also, in our opinion, chilling. Bernhardt, S. A. (p. 81). Recently revamped and expanded, this free lesson includes analyses of key quotations, differentiated activities and helpful notes for both teachers and students. In either case, it is necessary to choose appropriately the point of charging and its start time of the attack in order to get the expected result by crashing into the enemys ship. 291305). Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. Also, the claim that a successful attack opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military is telling in that, taken literally, the message is that the fate of the entire Japanese military is dependent on the success of the Togo squadrons. As such, the manual represents an organizing force in the officers and his pilots lives; it governs their conduct and purpose. However, in this desperate context, that same appeal becomes much more morbid in Manual 2 than the style of Manual 1. The poem exploresthe moment that the pilot's decision is made andthe consequences for him over the rest of his life. Through the pictures taken by the photographer, the poet presents how shocking the effect of war is. Moran, M. (2002). With its navy, air force, and merchant fleets shattered, mainland Japan was on the verge of an American ground invasion that, according to widespread American propaganda, could come at any time. "Kamikaze" was written by contemporary British poet Beatrice Garland and published in The Invention of Fireworks (2013). If you are approaching the enemy from a height of 6,000 metres, adjust your speed twice; or from a lower height of 4,000 metres, adjust speed once. docx, 36.18 KB. There is no room or reason for deviance. This visual depiction creates an abstract fantasy world. The threat of invasion was real and the military situation desperate. Comparisons and alternative. In the following questions, you will look at the language techniques used in both poems. These two approaches, the dive and the horizontal, mimic the two common naval bombing techniques at the time: the dive bomber and the torpedo bomber. Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. The theme of memory can also be explored in Poppies and the theme of the power of nature can be found in Ozymandias and Storm on the Island. As mentioned before, 1945 saw the Japanese military in severe distress. Helping you revise for your GCSEs -Comparing poetry - Power and Conflict Past explorations of technical communication ethics include the desirability of humanistic visuals, especially when describing human tragedy (Dragga & Voss, 2001; Dragga & Voss, 2003) as well as, increasingly, sensitivity to the circumstances of intercultural technical communication (Flammia & Voss, 2007) and its teaching (Aguad & Voss, 2017). We're here to help each child succeed. There is a lengthy sequence dealing with the strong imagery of the sea and the power of nature. Manning, A., & Amare, N. (2006). It is our hope that this rhetorical analysis sheds light on the phenomenon of the Togo attacks and opens up future fruitful analysis of other military manuals and discourse, particularly those from World War II. Garland's poem was in part inspired by this article, an interview with two kamikaze pilots. pptx, 733.76 KB. Of particular interest, given the growing interest in intercultural rhetorics, would be not only drawing further attention to the context of military documentation but how different militaries have taken differing approaches to the same mundane task. The words spoken in the later stanzas are the daughters imaginings of what her father saw and thought (half way there, she thought) rather than the pilots own. Kamikaze also references the shame of war. Accordingly, the entire manual is in the imperative mood and the text in its original dialect is emotionless and dry; it contains no deviations from formal politeness, which contrasts its violent subject matter. 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Prepare GCSE English students for their AQA English Literature Paper 2 exam with Beyonds series of revise blogs, which delve into the detail of key syllabus texts. Comparisons and alternative. Teachers of instructional writing have countless choices when it comes to providing real-world examples of genre, but few examples are as gripping, ethically problematic, and dramatic as these. This complex task was chiefly undertaken by one of the authors who is a native Japanese speaker; her credentials also include a Ph.D. in literacy, culture, and language education and experience teaching multiple levels of Japanese. thoughout the poem there is constant mention of the sea. It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Like what you see? The word kamikaze means 'divine wind' in Japanese. Sections of the poem are presented in italics as. The authors explore the phenomenon of kamikaze attacks from a technical communication and rhetorical perspective by analyzing 1945 Japanese military manuals directed to officers and pilots on how to organize and conduct suicide attacks. The author is unknown and anonymous, but, presumably, Manual 1 was written above the rank of a Togo commanding officer with the images possibly added by an assistant or assistants. Fortunately, the manual provides the solution, which is an order not to be disappointed and to prepare for the next attack. The poem tells us about a kamikaze pilot during the Second World War. With an EdPlace account youll be able to track and measure progress, helping each child achieve their best. I knew there was something wrong with that paper: Scientific rhetorical styles and scientific misunderstandings. We have leads on other such manuals in existence, but these two examples suffice to demonstrate the genre and open the door to further exploration. As such, it presents the national identity of Japan in various guises. The absence of doubt is substantial; the manual makes killing yourself for your country just another procedure. The logical and rhetorical constructions of procedural discourse. Key Words 'kamikaze' - a Japanese word that literally means 'divine wind'. ), wartime actions against enemy soldiers is generally not. In the following questions, you will be asked to analyse the language devices used in the poem. With memories of his childhood entering his head, the pilot turns back from his suicide mission and is afterwards shunned by his family. The poem's content, ideas, language and structure are explored. pptx, 673.72 KB. The theme of national identity can also be explored in the poem Checking Out Me History, The Emigre or The Charge of the Light Brigade. At least 250 carrier pilots, a years graduating class, were lost at Midway alone (Horne, 2012). Flammia, M., & Voss, D. (2007). 4 which, I am told, comes to the mildest city.. 5 The worst news I receive of it cannot break. Her father embarked This vastly different sense of pilot mortality affects the form of the instructions, in that typical safety information, basic defensive measures, or maintenance procedures are not considered; the manuals nature is entirely offensive and single-pathed toward the desired state. Lyons Press. Katzs (1992) analysis of a 1942 German technical memo that detailed how best to redesign trucks used for gassing Jews and undesirables to be more efficient is a good reference point. However, all of the images included in Manual 1 appear as appendices, which could have made referencing them in juxtaposition with directives cumbersome. (GCSE 1hr PP with differentiated tasks, New Spec) Wiley. Suicide is rendered as trigonometry. This made even conventional air attacks near suicidal, as they largely had to be made by inexperienced pilots in decrepit aircraft against increasingly plentiful and better-armored American planes. If possible, it is best if it is around the area between the chimney[s] and the bridge, or the elevator if it is an aircraft carrier, and the area slightly above the waterline in the center is good in the case of a very low altitude horizontal crash. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. (49) Although it is the responsibility of the guiding plane to confirm the result of the battle of Togo troop, depending on the conditions of the battle, weather, degrees of brightness or darkness, etc. (2016). Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's, Winner - Best for Home Learning / Parents. Ganier, F. (2004). prince, muscular, dangerous. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices.